Mitral stenosis in adults

-Etiology 

1-Rheumatic heart disease (vast majority of cases)

2-Age-related calcification, radiation-Induced

-Clinical

1-Exertional dyspnea, orthopnea, PND, hemoptysis

2-Pulmonary edema t right-sided heart failure

3-Atrial fibrillation, T risk for systemic embolization

-Diagnosis

1-Opening snap with mid diastolic rumble at the apex

2-Echocardiography increase  trans mitral flow velocity

-Treatment 

- Percutaneous valvotomy or surgical repair/replacement